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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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The concept of the inertia tensor is employed to depict the mass distribution and rotational inertia of a solid or rigid object. This tensor is expressed through a three-by-three matrix. Each component within this matrix corresponds to varying moments of inertia about specific axes.
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Related Experiment Video

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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Thalamic white matter in multiple sclerosis: A combined diffusion-tensor imaging and quantitative susceptibility

Niels Bergsland1, Ferdinand Schweser1,2, Michael G Dwyer1,2

  • 1Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York.

Human Brain Mapping
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves complex thalamic white matter (WM) damage, detectable through advanced MRI techniques. This study reveals specific imaging markers correlating with cognitive decline in MS patients.

Keywords:
MRIdiffusion tensor imagingmultiple sclerosisquantitative susceptibility mappingthalamus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Thalamic white matter (WM) injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well understood.
  • Advanced MRI techniques can offer deeper insights into thalamic damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize thalamic WM damage in MS using multimodal MRI.
  • To investigate the relationship between thalamic WM pathology and cognitive function.
  • To explore the impact of surrounding WM lesions on thalamic WM.

Main Methods:

  • 3T MRI scans were acquired for 45 MS patients and 17 healthy controls (HC).
  • Quantitative measures of diffusivity (FA, MD) and magnetic susceptibility were obtained.
  • Non-parametric combination (NPC) analysis and lesion probability mapping were employed.

Main Results:

  • Increased mean diffusivity (MD) and decreased magnetic susceptibility indicated significant thalamic WM damage in MS patients.
  • Decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and magnetic susceptibility were also observed after controlling for thalamic volume.
  • MD showed the most widespread association with memory deficits, even after controlling for thalamic volume.

Conclusions:

  • Multimodal MRI reveals complex thalamic WM pathology in MS.
  • Specific imaging markers correlate with cognitive impairments, particularly in information processing speed and memory.
  • Understanding thalamic involvement is crucial for MS management.