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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro
Published on: February 9, 2016
[Advances in study of macrophages in chemotherapy resistance of cancer]
Abstract:
As extremely important inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can secrete a variety of chemokines and cytokines, which play an important role in the occurrence of tumor growth and metastasis. Recent years, increasing studies have shown that macrophages are associated with tumor chemotherapy sensitivity. The chemical substances produced by macrophages affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, some chemotherapeutic agents have an effect on the recruitment and bioactivity of macrophages in the tumor issue, which influences the anti-tumor efficacy of chemotherapy drugs. In this review, we summarize the roles of macrophages in the chemotherapy resistance, including the regulatory mechanism and the strategy of targeting macrophages.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

