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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Published on: November 25, 2016

Climate differentiates forest structure across a residential macrosystem.

Alessandro Ossola¹, Matthew E Hopton²

¹Centre for Smart Green Cities, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.

The Science of the Total Environment

|June 23, 2018

Summary

Climate significantly shapes urban forest structure across diverse cities, influencing tree and shrub cover and volume. This research highlights how climate can counteract urban homogenization, impacting ecological processes and ecosystem services.

Keywords:

Green infrastructure Socio-ecological systems Urban ecology Urban ecosystem convergence theory Urban trees

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Area of Science:

Urban Ecology
Forest Ecology
Environmental Science

Background:

Urban ecological homogenization is influenced by human activities in cities.
Urban morphology and socio-economics can homogenize urban forests, affecting ecological processes.
Biophysical drivers in natural forests may counteract urban homogenization.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the hypothesis that climate differentiates forest structure across residential macrosystems at regional-to-continental scales.
To assess the relative effects of climate, urban morphology, and socio-economics on residential forest structure.
To understand how climate influences urban forest structure and counteracts homogenization.

Main Methods:

LiDAR data and multispectral imagery were used to measure forest structure (tree and shrub cover and volume).
Data were collected across 1.4 million residential parcels in 9 U.S. cities along an evapotranspiration (ET) gradient.
Generalized linear models assessed the effects of climate, urban morphology, and socio-economic variables.

Main Results:

Climate significantly differentiated residential forest structure, with forest cover doubling and forest volume tripling along the ET gradient.
Forest volume increased exponentially with forest cover across neighborhoods.
Urban morphology had a greater homogenizing effect than socio-economic factors; climate and urban morphology were the best predictors of forest structure.

Conclusions:

Climate is a key driver differentiating forest structure in urban residential macrosystems.
Climate can counteract the homogenizing effects of urban morphology and socio-economic factors.
This study provides high-resolution insights into urban forest structure and its ecological significance at a subcontinental scale.