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Related Concept Videos

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Band broadening in a chromatography column is measured by its efficiency. This is determined by the number of theoretical plates (N). Theoretical plate theory states that a separation column consists of a continuous series of imaginary plates where solute equilibration occurs between stationary and mobile phases.
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Gauss' law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss's law can be applied to find the electric field and the charge enclosed in a region depending on its charge distribution.
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When a curved plate of constant width is submerged in a liquid, the pressure acting normal to the plate varies continuously both in magnitude and direction. Calculating the magnitude and location of the resultant force at a point is often challenging for such cases. One of the methods to determine the resultant force and its location involves separately calculating the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force. This complex calculation can be simplified by representing the...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width01:05

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When a body is submerged in water, it experiences fluid pressure acting normal on its surface and distributed over its area. For better design structures, it is crucial to determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force acting on the surface. In the case of a rectangular plate of constant width submerged in water, the pressure increases with depth, resulting in a linearly varying trapezoidal pressure distribution from the upper to the lower edge of the plate.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis
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Malalignment in plate osteosynthesis.

Marie Anneberg1, Ole Brink1

  • 1Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aarhus N, Denmark.

Injury
|June 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Malalignment after osteosynthesis can occur in adult fractures of the humerus, forearm, femur, and tibia. Understanding accepted malalignment ranges and using pre-contoured plates aids surgical planning to minimize complications.

Keywords:
AdultAntebrachiumFemurHumerusMalalignmentMalunionPlatingTibia

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Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Plating Methods
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Management
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Osteosynthesis with plate fixation is a common treatment for adult fractures.
  • Malalignment after fixation can lead to functional deficits and complications.
  • Specific anatomical locations present unique challenges for achieving optimal alignment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review general considerations for malalignment following plate fixation in adult fractures.
  • To outline accepted malalignment parameters for humerus, forearm, femur, and tibia fractures.
  • To discuss consequences of malalignment and methods to avoid it.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on osteosynthesis and fracture malalignment.
  • Analysis of accepted malalignment ranges for specific long bone fractures.
  • Discussion of intraoperative techniques and pre-surgical planning considerations.

Main Results:

  • Specific malalignment tolerances defined for humerus (varus <20°, valgus <15°, sagittal <5°, rotation <30°), femur (rotation <15°), and tibia (shortening <10mm, varus/valgus <5°, sagittal <10°).
  • Forearm fractures require anatomical reduction; ulnar malalignment significantly impacts rotation.
  • Fibula fixation minimally impacts tibial union or functional outcomes.
  • Pre-contoured anatomical plates aid alignment, but individual patient anatomy and intraoperative bending are crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing acceptable malalignment ranges is critical for managing adult long bone fractures treated with plate fixation.
  • Forearm and femoral fractures necessitate precise reduction to prevent functional loss.
  • Careful pre-surgical planning, awareness of implant limitations, and intraoperative adjustments are essential to minimize malalignment and optimize outcomes.