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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific...
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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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Phase-Modulated Degenerate Parametric Amplification Microscopy.

Yunan Gao, Aaron J Goodman, Pin-Chun Shen

    Nano Letters
    |June 23, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We introduce phase-modulated degenerate parametric amplification (DPA), a new optical technique. DPA images nanoscale materials, determining crystal orientation and resolving grain boundaries with high resolution.

    Keywords:
    2DMoS2Second-harmonic generationgrain boundarysuper-resolutiontransition metal dichalcogenide

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Second-order nonlinear optical interactions like SHG and SFG provide nanoscale insights.
    • Conventional methods for measuring nonlinear optical responses have limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel, flexible optical technique: phase-modulated degenerate parametric amplification (DPA).
    • To demonstrate DPA's capability in retrieving both amplitude and phase of nonlinear optical responses.
    • To showcase DPA's application in imaging and characterizing nanoscale materials.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and application of phase-modulated degenerate parametric amplification (DPA).
    • Imaging of multigrain flakes of single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2).
    • Detection of signals at either the second harmonic or fundamental field wavelength.

    Main Results:

    • DPA successfully retrieved amplitude and phase of the second-order nonlinear optical response.
    • Absolute crystal orientation of MoS2 domains was identified.
    • Grain boundaries were resolved with high signal contrast and sub-diffraction-limited resolution.

    Conclusions:

    • DPA offers advantages over conventional SHG, including signal detection flexibility.
    • This all-optical method is robust for characterizing structure and dynamics in diverse systems.
    • DPA is particularly suitable for imaging in absorptive or scattering media.