Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

1.8K
Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
1.8K
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

2.0K
Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
2.0K
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

6.2K
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
6.2K
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

4.5K
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
4.5K
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

9.5K
The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.5K
Range00:59

Range

14.3K
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
14.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Crucial Gram-positive type IV secretion system protein TraF is a structural homolog of type VII secretion system protein EssB/YukC.

microLife·2026
Same author

Editorial: Cellular contributors and consequences of protein misfolding and aggregation.

Frontiers in molecular biosciences·2026
Same author

A Tribute to Manolo Espinosa.

Plasmid·2025
Same author

Wastewater-borne pollutants influenced antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in the soil without affecting the bacterial community composition in a changing wastewater irrigation system.

Journal of hazardous materials·2025
Same author

Associations Between Taste Preferences and Feeding Practices on Early Childhood Caries.

Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill.)·2025
Same author

Bitter taste receptor T2R14-Gαi coupling mediates innate immune responses to microbial quorum sensing molecules in cystic fibrosis.

iScience·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
09:23

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

8.6K

Broad-host-range Inc18 plasmids: Occurrence, spread and transfer mechanisms.

Verena Kohler1, Ankita Vaishampayan2, Elisabeth Grohmann2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.

Plasmid
|June 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Conjugative Inc18 plasmids spread antibiotic resistance genes, including vancomycin resistance, between bacteria like VRE and MRSA, creating challenging VRSA pathogens. Understanding their spread and transfer mechanisms is key to combating antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceConjugationInc18MRSATn1546pIP501vanA

More Related Videos

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection
09:25

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Published on: May 24, 2020

5.7K
Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method
09:20

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Published on: November 2, 2010

15.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
09:23

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

8.6K
Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection
09:25

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Published on: May 24, 2020

5.7K
Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method
09:20

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Published on: November 2, 2010

15.0K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Conjugative plasmid transfer drives the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.
  • Incompatibility (Inc) 18 plasmids are theta-replicating plasmids frequently found in enterococci and streptococci.
  • These plasmids confer resistance to antibiotics like vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and MLS group.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence and spread of Inc18-type plasmids in clinical and environmental settings.
  • To analyze the exchange of Inc18 plasmids between different environments.
  • To discuss the molecular mechanisms and regulation of Inc18 plasmid transfer using pIP501 as a model.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing data on Inc18 plasmid distribution.
  • Molecular characterization of Inc18 plasmids from clinical and environmental isolates.
  • Case studies focusing on the model plasmid pIP501 for transfer mechanism elucidation.

Main Results:

  • Inc18 plasmids are prevalent in clinical settings and environments, including domestic animals and wastewater.
  • These plasmids facilitate the transfer of vancomycin resistance (vanA gene) from VRE to MRSA, generating VRSA.
  • The model plasmid pIP501 provides insights into the molecular details of conjugative transfer in Gram-positive bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Inc18 plasmids play a significant role in the dissemination of critical antibiotic resistance genes.
  • The exchange of Inc18 plasmids between clinical and environmental niches poses a substantial threat to public health.
  • Further research into plasmid transfer mechanisms and control strategies is crucial to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance.