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Dehydration Impairs Cognitive Performance: A Meta-analysis.

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Dehydration impairs cognitive functions like attention and executive function, especially when body mass loss exceeds 2%. This systematic review quantifies the impact of dehydration on cognitive performance across various tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Dehydration is commonly believed to negatively affect cognitive function.
  • However, the specific cognitive domains impacted and the magnitude of body mass loss (BML) required for these effects remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
  • To determine the effect size (ES) of dehydration on cognitive performance.
  • To investigate the influence of experimental factors, such as dehydration exceeding 2% BML.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 33 studies.
  • Inclusion of 280 effect size estimates from 413 subjects.
  • Calculation of effect sizes using standardized mean differences and multivariate meta-analysis.

Main Results:

  • Dehydration resulted in a small but significant impairment in overall cognitive performance (ES = -0.21).
  • Significant impairments were observed in executive function (ES = -0.24), attention (ES = -0.52), and motor coordination (ES = -0.40).
  • Cognitive impairment was greater in studies with >2% BML (ES = -0.28) compared to studies with ≤2% BML (ES = -0.14).

Conclusions:

  • Dehydration significantly impairs cognitive functions, particularly attention, executive function, and motor coordination.
  • These impairments are more pronounced when water deficits exceed 2% body mass loss.
  • The findings highlight the importance of hydration for maintaining optimal cognitive performance.