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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Malate valves: old shuttles with new perspectives.

J Selinski1, R Scheibe2

  • 1Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University Bundoora, Bundoora, Australia.

Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany)
|June 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Malate valves, using malate dehydrogenases (MDHs), balance cellular energy (ATP/NADPH) in plants. This review details MDH roles and regulation in plant compartments, highlighting their importance in development and redox homeostasis.

Keywords:
Energy supplymalate dehydrogenasemalate valveredox balanceshuttling

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Cell Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Malate valves are crucial for balancing cellular energy (ATP/NADPH) in plant subcellular compartments.
  • Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) and dicarboxylate translocators are key components, interconverting malate and oxaloacetate.
  • MDH isoforms exhibit varying co-enzyme specificities, influencing indirect transport of NADH or NADPH.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isoforms in plants.
  • To elucidate the roles of malate valves in intercompartmental dicarboxylate exchange and metabolic functions.
  • To highlight the regulation and importance of different MDH isoforms in plant physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on MDH isoforms and malate valves.
  • Analysis of knockout mutant studies for various MDH isoforms.
  • Discussion of regulatory mechanisms, including post-translational redox modification.

Main Results:

  • Arabidopsis thaliana has nine MDH genes with diverse subcellular localizations (mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytosol, plastids).
  • Plastid NADP-MDH ('light malate valve') regulates stromal ATP/NADPH ratio via redox control.
  • Plastid NAD-MDH ('dark malate valve') is essential for early embryo development.

Conclusions:

  • MDH isoforms play critical, compartment-specific roles in plant metabolism and energy balance.
  • Regulation of MDH isoforms varies, with redox control significant in plastids but less understood in other compartments.
  • Further research is needed on cytosolic MDH isoforms and their roles in planta.