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Related Concept Videos

Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

412
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
412
First Order Systems01:21

First Order Systems

433
First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
433
Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

603
A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
603
Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

8.2K
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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Classification of Systems-I01:26

Classification of Systems-I

596
Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
596
Classification of Systems-II01:31

Classification of Systems-II

509
Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,
509

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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases
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[Retinal vasculitis and systemic diseases].

P Gascon1, P-A Jarrot2, F Matonti1

  • 1Service d'ophtalmologie, Aix-Marseille université, CHU Nord, 13015 Marseille, France.

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|June 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal vasculitis (RV) involves inflammation of eye blood vessels, potentially causing vision loss. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, including new therapies like anti-TNFalpha antibodies, are crucial for preserving sight.

Keywords:
Behçet diseaseLupus érythémateux disséminéMaladie de BehçetNecrotizing vasculitisRetinal vasculitisSarcoidoseSarcoidosisSystemic lupus erythematosusVascularite nécrosanteVascularites rétiniennes

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Retinal vasculitis (RV) is a condition causing inflammation in the eye's blood vessels.
  • It can occur independently or with uveitis, leading to vision impairment through vascular occlusion and ischemia.
  • Macular involvement or neovascularization significantly impacts visual acuity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic approaches for retinal vasculitis.
  • To review associated systemic conditions and their predilection for venous or arterial involvement.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment strategies for retinal vasculitis.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical examination (fundoscopy) and specialized imaging (fluorescein angiography).
  • Association with systemic diseases like Behçet's, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus erythematosus is analyzed.
  • Treatment efficacy of steroids, immunosuppressants, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF, and anti-TNFalpha therapies is reviewed.

Main Results:

  • RV can lead to severe vision loss, particularly with macular edema or neovascularization.
  • Specific systemic diseases show distinct patterns of vascular involvement (e.g., venous vs. arterial).
  • Anti-TNFalpha monoclonal antibodies demonstrate significant success in managing RV.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis via fundoscopy and fluorescein angiography is essential for effective RV management.
  • Understanding associated systemic conditions guides treatment strategies.
  • Aggressive treatment, including novel biologics, is vital for preserving visual function in retinal vasculitis.