Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Using the Protozoan Paramecium caudatum as a Vehicle for Food-borne Infections in Zebrafish Larvae
Published on: January 7, 2019
Household Food Insecurity as Mediator of the Association Between Internalized Stigma and Opportunistic Infections
Sanghyuk S Shin1, Catherine L Carpenter2, Maria L Ekstrand3,4
1Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California Irvine, 252D Berk Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
Abstract:
Internalized HIV stigma can affect health outcomes, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is poorly understood. We investigated the potential pathways for the association between internalized stigma and opportunistic infections (OIs) among women living with HIV in rural India. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving in-person interviews with 600 participants. We modeled two outcome variables, total number of OIs and fungal dermatoses, which was the most frequently reported OI. Causal mediation analysis was performed to estimate the total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect through mediators while controlling for confounders. Food insecurity was a strong mediator of the association between internalized stigma and the number of OIs (70% of the total effect) and fungal dermatoses (83% of the total effect), while the indirect effect of stigma through adherence was minimal for both outcomes. Household food insecurity may be an important mediator of the impact of HIV-related stigma on opportunistic infections.
Related Concept Videos
Internal Receptors
Household Wiring And Electrical Safety
Internal Energy
Internal Energy
Association Areas of the Cortex
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Associative Learning
Classical conditioning, also known...

