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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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Frailty in advanced liver disease.

Robyn Laube1, Hogan Wang2, Laura Park2

  • 1Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|June 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Frailty, a state of physiological decline, impacts cirrhosis patients

Keywords:
cirrhosisfrailtyliver transplantationnutritionprognosticationsarcopenia

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Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Geriatrics
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Prognostication in cirrhosis is complex, relying on scores like MELD and Child Pugh.
  • These scores, focusing on physiological parameters, do not fully capture patient status.
  • Physical functioning and frailty are increasingly recognized as critical factors in patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of frailty in cirrhosis patient prognostication.
  • To discuss the challenges in diagnosing and measuring frailty in cirrhosis.
  • To explore the implications of frailty for liver transplant outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on frailty in cirrhosis.
  • Analysis of the role of frailty in predicting morbidity and mortality.
  • Examination of frailty's independence from established prognostic scores like MELD.

Main Results:

  • Frailty is identified in nearly half of cirrhosis patients.
  • Frailty independently predicts increased morbidity and mortality, both pre- and post-liver transplant.
  • Frailty is potentially reversible through interventions like prehabilitation.

Conclusions:

  • Frailty is a crucial prognostic indicator in cirrhosis, beyond traditional scoring systems.
  • Standardized frailty assessment tools are needed for cirrhosis patients.
  • Incorporating frailty assessment into routine clinical practice may improve patient management and outcomes.