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Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

Errors and Mistakes in Surveying

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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Radiosensitivity of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung Cancer Cell Lines
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Making Mistakes Empowers Cancer Cells.

Nikolas G Balanis1, Thomas G Graeber1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Trends in Cancer
|June 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Genomic instability in lethal cancers, like a hurricane

Area of Science:

  • Genomic instability
  • Cancer biology
  • Metastasis research

Background:

  • Lethal cancers exhibit significant genomic alterations, including missing, misjoined, and extra genetic material.
  • These genomic abnormalities are traditionally viewed as drivers of cancer phenotypes.
  • The prevalence of genomic instability in aggressive cancers suggests potential additional contributing factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of genomic instability beyond its aftermath in aggressive cancers.
  • To explore whether the processes causing genomic instability directly contribute to cancer metastasis.
  • To challenge the conventional understanding of genomic instability's role in cancer progression.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of aggressive versus non-aggressive cancer types.
Keywords:
aneuploidychromosomal instabilitymetastasis

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  • Investigation of specific mutational signatures associated with rapid genomic change.
  • Functional assays to assess the impact of dynamic genomic alterations on metastatic potential.

    • Main Results:

    • New findings indicate that the dynamic processes causing genomic instability, not just the resulting alterations, are implicated in metastasis.
    • Evidence suggests that the 'hurricane winds' (instability-generating mechanisms) actively promote cancer spread.
    • The study identifies a link between the rate and nature of genomic change and the metastatic phenotype.

    Conclusions:

    • Genomic instability in aggressive cancers is not solely a consequence but also a contributing factor to metastasis.
    • The mechanisms driving genomic chaos actively promote the spread of cancer.
    • Targeting these dynamic instability processes may offer novel therapeutic strategies against metastasis.