Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

133.6K
Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
133.6K
Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

57.2K
Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
57.2K
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

64.5K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
64.5K
Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

1.0K
Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
1.0K
Feedback control systems01:26

Feedback control systems

727
Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...
727
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

680
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
680

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Advancing mechanobiology from single molecules to complex cellular systems.

Nature nanotechnology·2026
Same author

A Brain-Wide Atlas of Astrocytic Oxytocin Receptors Reveals a Glial Basis for Nucleus Accumbens Modulation of Affiliative Behavior.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Revisiting retinal and macular degeneration in the genomics era.

Nature reviews. Genetics·2026
Same author

Improving positively tuned voltage indicators for faster kinetics and higher contrast.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A perfused, parallelized blood brain barrier-tumor platform for compound permeation and efficacy investigations.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026
Same author

Engineering Neuronal Network Connectivity Through Precise and Scalable Electrical Modulation.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function
09:09

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Published on: August 7, 2019

6.5K

How Diverse Retinal Functions Arise from Feedback at the First Visual Synapse.

Antonia Drinnenberg1, Felix Franke2, Rei K Morikawa3

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.

Neuron
|June 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers investigated how horizontal cells, a type of retinal interneuron, influence visual processing. Perturbing these cells revealed specific effects on ganglion cell activity, demonstrating how interneurons shape distinct output channels in the brain.

Keywords:
cell typecomputationganglion cellhorizontal cellinhibitioninterneuronmodelneuronal circuitnon-linear neural processingretina

More Related Videos

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses
09:24

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Published on: February 18, 2016

7.9K
Author Spotlight: Analyzing the Synaptic Ultrastructure in Mature Retinal Organoids Using TEM
05:43

Author Spotlight: Analyzing the Synaptic Ultrastructure in Mature Retinal Organoids Using TEM

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function
09:09

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Published on: August 7, 2019

6.5K
High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses
09:24

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Published on: February 18, 2016

7.9K
Author Spotlight: Analyzing the Synaptic Ultrastructure in Mature Retinal Organoids Using TEM
05:43

Author Spotlight: Analyzing the Synaptic Ultrastructure in Mature Retinal Organoids Using TEM

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual System Research
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Brain regions utilize diverse local interneurons for complex processing.
  • Understanding interneuron function is crucial for deciphering neural circuit computations.
  • Horizontal cells provide feedback at the initial visual synapse in the retina.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine how a specific interneuron type (horizontal cells) impacts input-output transformations in a brain region.
  • To investigate the role of horizontal cells in shaping the activity of retinal ganglion cells.

Main Methods:

  • Chemogenetic perturbation of horizontal cells in mouse retina.
  • Monitoring light-driven spiking activity in thousands of retinal ganglion cells.
  • Development of a computational model to reproduce observed effects.

Main Results:

  • Six reversible, perturbation-induced effects on ganglion cell response dynamics and range were identified.
  • Observed effects included enhancement or suppression, varying with response epoch and ganglion cell type.
  • A computational model successfully replicated all perturbation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Horizontal cells differentially modulate the activity of distinct retinal output channels (ganglion cells).
  • Specific functions of horizontal cells were assigned based on their impact on different ganglion cell types.
  • This study reveals how a single interneuron type can sculpt the dynamical properties of neural output.