Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026
09:36
Assessment of Swim Endurance and Swim Behavior in Adult Zebrafish
Published on: November 12, 2021
3.8K
Competitive Swimming and Racial Disparities in Drowning
Samuel L Myers1, Ana M Cuesta2, Yufeng Lai3
1Roy Wilkins Center for Human Relations and Social Justice, University of Minnesota, 263 Humphrey Center, 301 19Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA, 612.625.9821, 612.625.3513 fax.
The Review of Black Political Economy
|June 26, 2018
Summary
Higher rates of competitive swimming participation correlate with lower drowning fatalities. This protective effect is particularly strong among African American males, suggesting swimming lessons reduce drowning risks.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Sports Science
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Drowning remains a significant public health concern, with varying rates across demographics.
- Understanding factors that mitigate drowning risk is crucial for public health interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the relationship between participation in organized competitive swimming and fatal drowning rates.
- To identify demographic disparities in this relationship.
Main Methods:
- Utilized panel data from 1999-2007 across U.S. states.
- Employed Tobit and Poisson regression models to analyze data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and USA Swimming.
- Stratified analysis by sex and race (African Americans and whites).
Main Results:
- A significant inverse relationship was observed between competitive swimming rates and fatal drowning rates.
- This inverse association was most pronounced among African American males.
- The findings suggest a protective effect of competitive swimming participation against drowning deaths.
Conclusions:
- Increased participation in competitive swimming is associated with reduced drowning fatalities.
- Targeted swimming programs may be particularly effective in reducing drowning risks for high-risk populations, such as African American males.
- This study underscores the public health benefits of promoting swimming proficiency.
Related Concept Videos
02:34Competition
24.9K
When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
24.9K
01:11Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics
800
All neuromuscular blocking agents are injected intravenously because they are poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Rapid onset is achieved with intravenous administration, although absorption is also adequate from an intramuscular injection. Since these agents are highly ionized, they do not readily penetrate cell membranes or cross the blood-brain barrier.
Instead, they are transported by the blood to different tissues. Muscles with a greater blood supply (arteries) and blood flow receive more...
Instead, they are transported by the blood to different tissues. Muscles with a greater blood supply (arteries) and blood flow receive more...
800
01:17Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action
2.9K
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
2.9K
01:27Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions
982
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
982
04:49Robbers Cave
14.9K
During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
14.9K
01:54Attitudes
33.2K
Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). And, they have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge;...
33.2K