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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Assessment of Swim Endurance and Swim Behavior in Adult Zebrafish
Published on: November 12, 2021
Competitive Swimming and Racial Disparities in Drowning
Samuel L Myers1, Ana M Cuesta2, Yufeng Lai3
1Roy Wilkins Center for Human Relations and Social Justice, University of Minnesota, 263 Humphrey Center, 301 19Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA, 612.625.9821, 612.625.3513 fax.
Abstract:
This paper provides compelling evidence of an inverse relationship between competitive swimming rates and drowning rates using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data on fatal drowning rates and membership rates from USA Swimming, the governing organization of competitive swimming in the United States. Tobit and Poisson regression models are estimated using panel data by state from 1999-2007 separately for males, females, African Americans and whites. The strong inverse relationship between competitive swimming rates and unintentional deaths through fatal drowning is most pronounced among African Americans males.
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