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Related Concept Videos

Forgetting01:21

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Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
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State Space Representation01:27

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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

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Published on: June 12, 2017

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Does Sleep Help Prevent Forgetting Rewarded Memory Representations in Children and Adults?

Alexander Prehn-Kristensen1, Annie Böhmig1, Juliane Schult2

  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Sleep benefits memory consolidation in children more than adults, particularly for high-rewarded information. This study highlights how sleep protects important memories from being forgotten over wakefulness.

Keywords:
adultschildrenmemoryrewardsleep

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Related Experiment Videos

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Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood
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Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Sleep is crucial for consolidating rewarded memories in adults.
  • Sleep's memory-supporting functions evolve during childhood.
  • The impact of sleep on rewarded memory consolidation in children remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether sleep benefits the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in children similarly to adults.
  • To compare the effects of sleep versus wakefulness on memory consolidation for high- and low-rewarded items in children and adults.

Main Methods:

  • 16 children (7–11 years) and 20 adults (21–29 years) learned object locations, with items assigned high or low reward.
  • Participants underwent a 12-hour sleep or wake condition between encoding and retrieval.
  • Memory performance for rewarded and non-rewarded items was assessed after the retention interval.

Main Results:

  • Sleep and wakefulness did not affect memory for low-rewarded items.
  • Wakefulness impaired memory performance for high-rewarded items compared to sleep.
  • The interaction between sleep/wake and reward on memory was significant only in children.

Conclusions:

  • Sleep prevents the forgetting of high-rewarded memory representations, while 12 hours of wakefulness can impair them.
  • Sleep's protective effect on rewarded memory consolidation appears more pronounced in children than adults.
  • Ontogenetic changes in sleep may influence the conservation of essential, yet fragile, memory representations.