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Related Concept Videos

Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

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Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.
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Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation01:10

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In vitro dissolution and drug release tests assess how quickly and how much of a drug is released from its dosage form into an aqueous medium under standardized laboratory conditions. These tests are essential tools in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance, offering insight into the drug's performance before clinical use.During formulation development, dissolution testing identifies incomplete or inconsistent drug release issues. It also supports decisions on selecting the optimal...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Four release tests exhibit variable silver stability from nanoparticle-modified reverse osmosis membranes.

Yuqiang Bi1, Bingru Han1, Sean Zimmerman1

  • 1Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA.

Water Research
|June 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Comparing silver nanoparticle release from modified reverse osmosis membranes, this study found water jetting fastest and dead-end filtration slowest. Test methods significantly impact silver release data, crucial for membrane assessment.

Keywords:
AntibacterialBiofilm releaseDissolutionFoulingNanotechnology

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes modified with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) show promise for biofouling control.
  • Standardized silver leaching tests are lacking, hindering cross-laboratory comparisons of AgNP release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare four different release tests for quantifying dissolved and nanoparticulate silver from functionalized polyamide RO membranes.
  • To investigate the influence of various testing protocols on silver release kinetics and mass balance.

Main Methods:

  • Four silver release tests were compared: batch immersion, dead-end filtration, cross-flow filtration, and low-pressure water jetting.
  • Nanopure water was used as the extraction solution to measure silver release from in situ surface-functionalized membranes.

Main Results:

  • Direct AgNP detachment into membrane-treated water was demonstrated for the first time.
  • Water jetting showed the fastest silver mass release, while dead-end filtration exhibited the slowest release kinetics.
  • Dead-end filtration released an order of magnitude less silver compared to the other three methods.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of silver release test significantly influences the observed silver mass release and kinetics.
  • Cross-flow filtration, while representative of RO operation, presents challenges in mass balance and water usage.
  • Understanding test-specific silver release behavior is vital for evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy and service life of AgNP-functionalized membranes.