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Published on: April 1, 2018
Season of birth: A predictor of ADHD symptoms in early midlife
Chenshu Zhang1, Judith S Brook1, Carl G Leukefeld2
1Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., 15th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Objective:
In this longitudinal study, we applied linear regression analyses to examine season of birth as related to symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in early midlife.
Method:
We gathered longitudinal data on a prospective cohort of community-dwelling men and women (N = 548) followed from adolescence to early midlife.
Findings:
The findings indicate that, as compared with participants who were born in the summer, those who were born in the spring (Beta = 0.34; t-statistic = 3.59; p < 0.001) had significantly more ADHD symptoms. In addition, exposure to maternal cigarette smoking in adolescence significantly intensified (p < 0.01) the association between season of birth and ADHD symptoms in early midlife.
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that exposure to greater maternal maladaptive behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, may result in a greater vulnerability to other environmental risk factors, such as season of birth.
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