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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Energy Stored in a Capacitor01:12

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

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When an archer pulls the string in a bow, he saves the work done in the form of elastic potential energy. When he releases the string, the potential energy is released as kinetic energy of the arrow. A capacitor works on the same principle in which the work done is saved as electric potential energy. The potential energy (UC) could be calculated by measuring the work done (W) to charge the capacitor.
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Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology
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The phonological loop as a buffer store: An update.

Alan D Baddeley1, Graham J Hitch1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of York, United Kingdom.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|June 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The multicomponent working memory model uses buffer stores to combine information streams. Neuropsychological evidence significantly advanced the phonological loop component, though neuro-imaging

Keywords:
Buffer storePhonological loopSTMSTM patientsWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Working Memory Models

Background:

  • Working memory involves multiple components, including buffer stores for information integration.
  • The phonological loop is a key component, processing auditory and verbal information.
  • Understanding serial order representation is crucial for working memory models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a multicomponent model of working memory emphasizing buffer stores.
  • To detail the development and application of the phonological loop concept.
  • To evaluate the influence of different evidence types on working memory model development.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of evidence from mainstream cognitive psychology and neuropsychology.
  • Detailed modeling of specific issues like serial order representation.
  • Review of applications and study methods for the phonological loop.

Main Results:

  • Buffer storage effectively combines information streams with varying input speeds or features.
  • Neuropsychological evidence has been pivotal in advancing the phonological loop component.
  • Criticisms of the multicomponent model are addressed, highlighting the impact of neuropsychology.

Conclusions:

  • The multicomponent model, particularly the phonological loop, benefits greatly from neuropsychological findings.
  • Further research should consider the integration of neuro-imaging data alongside traditional methods.
  • The model provides a framework for understanding information processing in working memory.