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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks01:21

Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

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Friedman's Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks is a nonparametric test designed to identify differences across multiple test attempts when traditional assumptions of normality and equal variances do not apply. Unlike conventional ANOVA, which requires normally distributed data with equal variances, Friedman's test is ideal for ordinal or non-normally distributed data, making it particularly useful for analyzing dependent samples, such as matched subjects over time or repeated measures...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Variance01:15

Variance

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The deviations show how spread out the data are about the mean. A positive deviation occurs when the data value exceeds the mean, whereas a negative deviation occurs when the data value is less than the mean. If the deviations are added, the sum is always zero. So one cannot simply add the deviations to get the data spread. By squaring the deviations, the numbers are made positive; thus, their sum will also be positive.
The standard deviation measures the spread in the same units as the data....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

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Analysis of Gene Expression Variance in Schizophrenia Using Structural Equation Modeling.

Anna A Igolkina1, Chris Armoskus2, Jeremy R B Newman3

  • 1Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
|June 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is characterized by higher gene expression variance in neural progenitor cells. This variance impacts key pathways, suggesting altered gene regulation contributes to SCZ etiology.

Keywords:
gene network modelingneurodevelopmental disordersschizophreniasignaling pathwaysstructural equation models

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder with unknown causes.
  • Neurodevelopmental abnormalities are increasingly recognized in SCZ pathogenesis.
  • Cultured neural progenitor cells from olfactory neuroepithelium (CNON cells) offer a model to study SCZ-related molecular changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in gene expression variance between SCZ patients and controls.
  • To identify molecular pathways affected by altered gene expression in SCZ.
  • To explore gene-gene interaction alterations within these pathways using structural equation modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression variance in CNON cells from SCZ and control groups.
  • Enrichment analysis of pathways with significant gene expression variance.
  • Application of logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze gene expression data and pathway structures.

Main Results:

  • CNON cells from SCZ individuals exhibited significantly higher gene expression variance compared to controls.
  • Five molecular pathways (serine biosynthesis, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, neurotrophin, focal adhesion) were enriched for genes with increased variance.
  • SEM revealed altered gene-gene relationships in four of these five pathways, implicating specific gene interactions in SCZ.

Conclusions:

  • Increased gene expression variance is a key feature of SCZ.
  • SEM effectively identifies altered gene-gene interactions in SCZ-associated pathways.
  • These findings highlight the role of gene expression variance and altered regulatory networks in the etiology of schizophrenia.