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Electrical Current

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).

Current Density

Current Density

The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...

Eddy Currents

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...

Displacement Current

Displacement Current

Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.

Charge and Current

Charge and Current

Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
Charge is an inherent property of the atomic particles that make up matter and is measured in units called coulombs (C). Matter is composed of atoms, each consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-e), while protons...

Current Dividers

Current Dividers

In parallel electrical connections, resistors are linked between the same pair of nodes, creating an equal voltage across each resistor. Kirchhoff's current law is applied to these connections, establishing that the sum of currents through these resistors equals the source current. Utilizing Ohm's law, the source current is determined as the product of the source voltage and the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances. This relationship simplifies the process of finding the current...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A Macrophage-Tumor Spheroid Co-Invasion Assay

A Macrophage-Tumor Spheroid Co-Invasion Assay

Published on: January 24, 2025

Current methods for tumor-associated macrophages investigation.

Alice Grigore¹, Adrian Albulescu^1,2, Radu Albulescu^1,3,4

¹a Pharmacology Department , National Institute of Chemical-Pharmaceutical R&D , Bucharest , Romania.

Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry

|June 27, 2018

Summary

Oncoimmunology explores immune interactions with tumors and new therapies. This review details methods for studying tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their impact on cancer progression and treatment effectiveness.

Keywords:

TAMs immunohistochemistry microarray multiplex

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Published on: August 1, 2019

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A Macrophage-Tumor Spheroid Co-Invasion Assay

A Macrophage-Tumor Spheroid Co-Invasion Assay

Published on: January 24, 2025

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Published on: June 23, 2013

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

Published on: August 1, 2019

Area of Science:

Oncoimmunology
Cancer Biology
Immunology

Background:

Tumorigenesis is influenced by the tumor microenvironment, not just cancer cells.
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in cancer progression and serve as prognostic markers.
Understanding TAMs is crucial for developing effective cancer therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current techniques for investigating tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) functions and interactions.
To highlight the importance of TAMs in cancer research and clinical applications.
To discuss methods for analyzing TAMs at translational and transcriptional levels.

Main Methods:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Multiplex assays for analyte quantification.
Flow cytometry for detailed immune cell analysis.
Immunohistochemistry for spatial analysis of TAMs within tumor tissues.
DNA microarray for transcriptional profiling.

Main Results:

Various techniques exist to study the complex interplay between TAMs and tumor cells.
These methods allow for the investigation of TAM functions, interactions, and modulation.
Analysis can be performed at both translational and transcriptional levels.

Conclusions:

Investigating TAMs is essential for advancing cancer research.
Understanding TAM-macrophage interactions aids in predicting therapeutic efficiency.
Studying TAMs can improve patient survival outcomes.