ROCK inhibitors 2. Improving potency, selectivity and solubility through the application of rationally designed...

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...

Archimedes' principle is fundamental in analyzing the buoyant force and stability of floating bodies. In this example, a wooden block with a rectangular section floats in seawater. Based on the block's dimensions, its specific gravity and the specific weight of seawater are used to find the volume of water displaced and the center of buoyancy.
The volume of seawater displaced by the block is determined by first calculating the block's weight. This is done by multiplying the...

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...

Integrals involving non-rational functions are often difficult to evaluate using standard techniques, especially when radicals appear in the integrand. Rationalizing substitution provides a systematic method for simplifying such integrals by converting them into rational forms that are easier to handle.Consider a rod whose linear mass density depends on a constant linear density, a characteristic length, and the distance from the left end of the rod. Determining the total mass requires...