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Related Concept Videos

Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics can produce pushing, pulling, and resistance forces that help the cell to migrate....
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Actin Treadmilling01:18

Actin Treadmilling

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Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
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Paracrine Signaling01:21

Paracrine Signaling

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Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...
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Introduction to Actin01:26

Introduction to Actin

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Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes
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In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes

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Actin polymerization controls cilia-mediated signaling.

Michael L Drummond1, Mischa Li2, Eric Tarapore1

  • 1Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|June 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Actin polymerization regulates primary cilia and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Disrupting actin or N-WASp/Arp3 increases cilia length and Hh pathway activation, highlighting the Cdc42-aPKC-Gli axis importance.

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High Throughput Fluorometric Technique for Assessment of Macrophage Phagocytosis and Actin Polymerization
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High Throughput Fluorometric Technique for Assessment of Macrophage Phagocytosis and Actin Polymerization

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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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High Throughput Fluorometric Technique for Assessment of Macrophage Phagocytosis and Actin Polymerization
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Primary cilia are crucial for detecting extracellular signals like Hedgehog (Hh).
  • The role of the cytoskeleton, particularly actin, in regulating primary cilia structure and function is not fully understood.
  • Fine-tuning cellular responses via primary cilia depends on precise structural maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of actin polymerization in regulating primary cilia structure and Hh signaling.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which actin dynamics influence ciliary length and signaling output.
  • To identify key regulators involved in the actin-cilium-signaling axis.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental disruption of actin polymerization.
  • Knockdown of N-WASp/Arp3.
  • Analysis of ciliation frequency and axoneme length.
  • Transcriptome analysis.
  • Investigating the roles of Cdc42, atypical protein kinase C iota/lambda (aPKC), and Missing-in-Metastasis (MIM).

Main Results:

  • Disrupting actin polymerization or N-WASp/Arp3 increased primary cilia frequency, axoneme length, and Hh signaling.
  • Cdc42 recruits aPKC and MIM to the basal body, regulating actin polymerization and axoneme length.
  • aPKC promotes Src activity, while MIM antagonizes it, maintaining proper cilia levels and actin polymerization.
  • Transcriptome analysis identified the Src pathway as a key aPKC effector.
  • Hh pathway activation involves Smoothened-, Gli-, and Gli1-specific activation by aPKC.
  • Longer axonemes amplify Hh signaling, contingent on aPKC activity.

Conclusions:

  • Actin polymerization is a critical regulator of primary cilia length and Hh signaling.
  • The Cdc42-aPKC-MIM-Src axis controls actin dynamics at the basal body, influencing primary cilia structure and Hh pathway activation.
  • aPKC plays a central role in Hh pathway activation and integrates actin-dependent regulation of primary cilia signaling.