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Related Concept Videos

Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Effects of feedback01:24

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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods
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Effective authentication of Placenta Hominis.

Yat-Tung Lo1, Mavis Hong-Yu Yik1, Pang-Chui Shaw1

  • 1Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China (CUHK) and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.

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Summary

Authenticating Placenta Hominis, a traditional medicine, is crucial due to adulteration risks. A new protocol using DNA, chemical, and biochemical tests accurately identifies genuine products and contaminants, ensuring quality control.

Keywords:
Competitive ELISADiagnostic PCRHuman chorionic gonadotropinIodine testMolecular authenticationPlacenta HominisPregnancy test stripsProgesterone

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • Placenta Hominis, a medicinal product derived from human placenta, is widely used in Asia.
  • Therapeutic benefits and limited supply lead to market adulteration, necessitating authentication methods.
  • Existing regulations require product description enforcement and customer protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a hierarchical protocol for authenticating Placenta Hominis.
  • To distinguish genuine products from adulterants and mixtures.
  • To ensure quality control and consumer safety.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular diagnostic techniques were employed.
  • Species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing identified the source of DNA.
  • Tests for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and starch were conducted.

Main Results:

  • No non-human DNA (cow, deer, sheep) was detected in any sample.
  • Five samples were identified as genuine Placenta Hominis.
  • Four samples were adulterated with starch, and one was a mixture.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol accurately authenticates Placenta Hominis.
  • It provides a reliable method for quality control by regulatory bodies and laboratories.
  • Ensures product integrity and consumer rights.