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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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Increasing Alkalinity Export from Large Russian Arctic Rivers.

Travis W Drake1, Suzanne E Tank2, Alexander V Zhulidov3

  • 1Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
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Summary
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Arctic river alkalinity export has significantly increased over 35 years due to climate change. This rise impacts atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake and freshwater buffering capacity in the Arctic Ocean.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Riverine carbonate alkalinity is a key factor in atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration.
  • Arctic river alkalinity is influenced by precipitation, permafrost, hydrology, and vegetation, all sensitive to climate change.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze long-term trends in alkalinity export from major Arctic rivers.
  • To investigate the potential drivers of observed changes in riverine alkalinity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of alkalinity flux data from the Yenisei and Ob' Rivers over three and a half decades.
  • Correlation of alkalinity trends with climate variables, permafrost extent, and anthropogenic factors.

Main Results:

  • Alkalinity export from the Yenisei River increased by 185% (225 to 642 Geq yr⁻¹).
  • Alkalinity export from the Ob' River increased by 134% (201 to 470 Geq yr⁻¹).
  • Observed increases are potentially linked to warming temperatures, altered precipitation, permafrost thaw, and hydrological shifts.

Conclusions:

  • Significant increases in Arctic river alkalinity export have been observed over the past 35 years.
  • These trends have substantial implications for land-based carbon sequestration and the buffering capacity of Arctic freshwater systems and the Arctic Ocean.