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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal trajectories describe the geometric relationship between two families of curves that intersect each other at right angles. One illustrative case involves a family of parabolas that open sideways along the x-axis. These curves share a common shape but differ by a scaling parameter, resulting in a set of curves that all pass through the origin and widen at different rates.Determining Orthogonal TrajectoriesTo identify the orthogonal trajectories for these parabolas, the first step...

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

A solenoid is a conducting wire coated with an insulating material, wound tightly in the form of a helical coil. The magnetic field due to a solenoid is the vector sum of the magnetic fields due to its individual turns. Therefore, for an ideal solenoid, the magnetic field within the solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns per unit length and the current. Conversely, the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Consider a solenoid with 100 turns wrapped around a cylinder of...

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:

Energy In A Magnetic Field

Energy In A Magnetic Field

If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
Take an ideal inductor with zero resistance. Although it's practically impossible, assume that the coil's resistance is so small that it is practically negligible. The loss of the field's energy to dissipate thermal energy (or heat) is thus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Published on: February 13, 2016

Reconfiguring ferromagnetic microrod chains by alternating two orthogonal magnetic fields.

Rui Cheng¹, Lu Zhu¹, Weijie Huang²

¹School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|June 28, 2018

Summary

Ferromagnetic microrods form chains in magnetic fields. A transition to a 2D network occurs when chains are long and the field changes direction, enabling new smart material designs.

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Area of Science:

Physics, Materials Science

Background:

Ferromagnetic microrods self-assemble into linear chains under uniform magnetic fields.
Chain length is influenced by field strength, duration, and microrod density.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the morphological transition of ferromagnetic microrod chains from linear arrays to 2D networks.
To determine the critical parameters governing this transition for potential applications.

Main Methods:

Applying a uniform magnetic field to ferromagnetic microrods in suspension.
Modifying the magnetic field direction and strength.
Observing and analyzing the resulting microrod chain morphology and network formation.

Main Results:

An irreversible transition from linear chains to a 2D network is observed when chains lengthen and the magnetic field switches direction.
Network formation is dependent on the ratio of average chain length to separation (L/D) and the magnitude of the applied magnetic field.
A critical L/D ratio, which is a function of the magnetic field, dictates the formation of the 2D network structure.

Conclusions:

The morphological transition of ferromagnetic microrod chains into 2D networks is controllable via external magnetic fields.
This magnetically induced self-assembly offers potential for creating scaffolds in biological applications and designing advanced smart materials.