Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

42.9K
Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
42.9K
Correlations02:20

Correlations

36.4K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
36.4K
Correlation01:09

Correlation

15.2K
In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
15.2K
What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

19.0K
An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
19.0K
Correlation and Regression00:53

Correlation and Regression

3.5K
In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
3.5K
Coefficient of Correlation01:12

Coefficient of Correlation

8.7K
The correlation coefficient, r, developed by Karl Pearson in the early 1900s, is numerical and provides a measure of strength and direction of the linear association between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y.
If you suspect a linear relationship between x and y, then r can measure how strong the linear relationship is.
What the VALUE of r tells us:
The value of r is always between –1 and +1: –1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
The size of the correlation r indicates the...
8.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transcatheter versus Surgical Mitral Valve Repair in Patients Younger than 70 Years in the United States.

The Annals of thoracic surgery·2026
Same author

Mid-term Outcomes After Robotic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in the United States.

The Canadian journal of cardiology·2026
Same author

Speech Sound Production in Adults with Dyslexia.

Brain sciences·2026
Same author

Trends in aortic valve reintervention: Incidence and outcomes after failed transcatheter aortic valve implantation among patients receiving Medicare.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery·2026
Same author

Sex-Based Patterns and Trends in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

JAMA cardiology·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence versus Human-Authored Anesthesia Patient Education Materials: A Multi-Institution Survey Study.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

15.6K

Beyond bilingualism: multilingual experience correlates with caudate volume.

Alexis Hervais-Adelman1,2,3, Natalia Egorova4,5, Narly Golestani4

  • 1Brain and Language Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. alexis.hervais-adelman@uzh.ch.

Brain Structure & Function
|June 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Multilingualism reshapes the brain. Increased language learning is linked to structural changes in the caudate nucleus, a key area for language control and cognitive processes.

Keywords:
Basal gangliaBilingualismCaudate nucleusLanguageMorphometryMultilingualismPutamenVolumetry

More Related Videos

Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy Combined with Caudate Lobe Resection
07:22

Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy Combined with Caudate Lobe Resection

Published on: April 11, 2025

792
Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Imaging by Correlative Light and Volume Electron Microscopy
09:21

Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Imaging by Correlative Light and Volume Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 20, 2019

13.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

15.6K
Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy Combined with Caudate Lobe Resection
07:22

Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy Combined with Caudate Lobe Resection

Published on: April 11, 2025

792
Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Imaging by Correlative Light and Volume Electron Microscopy
09:21

Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Imaging by Correlative Light and Volume Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 20, 2019

13.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The multilingual brain utilizes mechanisms for language selection based on the environment.
  • Previous studies show bilingualism affects caudate nucleus structure, but less is known about individuals speaking three or more languages.
  • Multilingual individuals face greater language control demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between multilingual experience and brain structure in the caudate nuclei, putamen, pallidum, and thalami.
  • To examine volumetric and morphological changes in these brain regions in individuals speaking three or more languages.

Main Methods:

  • Volumetric and vertex-wise analyses were performed on brain imaging data from 75 multilingual individuals.
  • The study focused on the caudate nuclei, putamen, pallidum, and thalami.

Main Results:

  • A significant correlation was found between multilingual experience and right caudate volume.
  • A marginally significant relationship was observed with left caudate volume.
  • Enlargement in dorsal and anterior regions of the left caudate nucleus was associated with multilingual expertise.

Conclusions:

  • Multilingual expertise appears to continuously impact brain structure.
  • Acquiring languages beyond a second language leads to modifications in brain structures involved in language management.
  • These findings suggest that increased linguistic and cognitive control demands associated with multilingualism drive structural brain changes.