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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells
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Patterns of Bird-Bacteria Associations.

Deanna M Chung1, Elise Ferree2, Dawn M Simon3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.

Ecohealth
|June 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wild birds carry many bacteria, including human pathogens. While antibiotic resistance is common, more research is needed in diverse bird species and habitats to understand zoonotic disease risks.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceAvianLiteratureMicrobialPathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Microbiology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Birds are important reservoirs for bacteria, including drug-resistant strains, due to their wide distribution and human proximity.
  • Understanding avian-bacterial associations is crucial for assessing zoonotic disease emergence risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify reported avian-bacterial associations over 15 years.
  • To classify bird and bacteria traits influencing zoonotic disease emergence.
  • To assess the prevalence of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in birds.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications over a 15-year period.
  • Classification of bird species traits (migration, habitat, order) and bacterial traits (pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance).
  • Analysis of reported avian-bacterial associations and associated risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Migratory Passeriformes in temperate, natural habitats were most studied.
  • Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni were most frequently reported.
  • 54% of reported bacteria were pathogenic to humans; 75% of tested bacteria showed antibiotic resistance.
  • Pathogens were more prevalent in tropical and natural habitats.
  • Antibiotic resistance showed no significant pattern related to bird migration, climate, or habitat.

Conclusions:

  • Avian species harbor a significant proportion of human pathogens, with higher prevalence in tropical and natural environments.
  • Limited testing for antibiotic resistance in avian-associated bacteria hinders risk assessment.
  • Increased sampling in underrepresented regions and avian groups is necessary to fully understand zoonotic disease potential.