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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Longitudinal Preterm Cerebellar Volume: Perinatal and Neurodevelopmental Outcome Associations.

Lillian G Matthews1,2,3, T E Inder4, L Pascoe5,6

  • 1Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. lmatthews4@bwh.harvard.edu.

Cerebellum (London, England)
|June 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Very preterm infants show impaired cerebellar growth from term-equivalent age to 7 years, impacting neurodevelopmental outcomes. This cerebellar development is linked to perinatal factors and varies by sex.

Keywords:
BrainCerebellumLongitudinal studiesMagnetic resonance imagingOutcome assessmentPremature birth

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Impaired cerebellar development in very preterm (VPT) infants is linked to motor and cognitive deficits.
  • Longitudinal data on cerebellar maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in VPT infants are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare cerebellar volume and growth from term-equivalent age (TEA) to 7 years between VPT and full-term children.
  • Assess associations between cerebellar measures, perinatal factors, and 7-year outcomes in VPT children.
  • Investigate sex-based differences in these relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of 224 VPT and 46 full-term infants.
  • Cerebellar volumes measured via MRI at TEA and 7 years.
  • Analysis of associations with perinatal factors and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 7 years.

Main Results:

  • VPT children exhibited smaller cerebellar volumes at TEA and 7 years, with reduced growth.
  • Perinatal factors like corticosteroids, earlier gestation, and brain injury were associated with smaller volumes and growth.
  • Smaller cerebellar volumes and reduced growth correlated with poorer 7-year IQ, language, and motor function, with sex-specific patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebellar growth is impaired in VPT children from TEA to 7 years.
  • This impairment is associated with early perinatal factors.
  • Cerebellar development in VPT children influences long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, with sex-dependent variations.