Peroxidase versus Peroxygenase Activity: Substrate Substituent Effects as Modulators of Enzyme Function in the...

The dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin (DHP) from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata is a multifunctional hemoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of a wide variety of substrates, including halo/nitrophenols, haloindoles, and pyrroles, via peroxidase and/or peroxygenase mechanisms. To probe whether substrate substituent effects can modulate enzyme activity in DHP, we investigated its reactiviy against a panel of o-guaiacol substrates given their presence (from native/halogenated and non-native/anthropogenic sources) in the benthic environment that A. ornata inhabits. Using biochemical assays supported by spectroscopic, spectrometric, and structural studies, DHP was found to catalyze the H₂O₂-dependent oxidative dehalogenation of 4-haloguaiacols (F, Cl, and Br) to 2-methoxybenzoquinone (2-MeOBQ). ¹⁸O labeling studies confirmed that O atom incorporation was derived exclusively from water, consistent with substrate oxidation via a peroxidase-based mechanism. The 2-MeOBQ product further reduced DHP to its oxyferrous state, providing a link between the substrate oxidation and O₂ carrier functions of DHP. Nonnative substrates resulted in polymerization of the initial substrate with varying degrees of oxidation, with 2-MeOBQ identified as a minor product. When viewed alongside the reactivity of previously studied phenolic substrates, the results presented here show that simple substituent effects can serve as functional switches between peroxidase and peroxygenase activities in this multifunctional catalytic globin. More broadly, when recent findings on DHP activity with nitrophenols and azoles are included, the results presented here further demonstrate the breadth of heterocyclic compounds of anthropogenic origin that can potentially disrupt marine hemoglobins or function as environmental stressors, findings that may be important when assessing the environmental impact of these pollutants (and their metabolites) on aquatic systems.