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Sotirios Vasileiadis1,2, Gianluca Brunetti1, Ezzat Marzouk1,3

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Silver (Ag) from consumer products accumulates in soil, posing risks to microbial communities. Ag toxicity varies greatly with soil type and specific microbial functions, with sulfatase activity showing high sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Soil is a significant sink for silver (Ag) from consumer products, raising concerns about Ag ion (Ag+) toxicity.
  • The impact of Ag+ on soil microbial communities and their ecosystem services is poorly understood.
  • Understanding Ag toxicity is crucial for assessing environmental risks associated with silver-based materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of varying silver ion (Ag+) concentrations on diverse soil microbial biomarkers.
  • To determine the influence of different soil properties on Ag+ toxicity thresholds.
  • To identify sensitive microbial indicators and potential predictors for Ag+ risk assessment in soils.

Main Methods:

  • Examined microbial respiration, nine soil enzyme activities, and bacterial (16S-rRNA) and fungal (ITS) gene copy numbers across nine soils.
  • Tested nine Ag+ concentrations ranging from 0 to 2000 mg kg-1.
  • Calculated half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) and analyzed soil properties (organic carbon, pH) as predictors.

Main Results:

  • Silver toxicity (EC50) varied widely (∼1 to >500 mg kg-1) and was soil-specific, with some hormesis observed.
  • Carbon cycling enzymes showed similar responses, while sulfatase and leucine-aminopeptidase (S and N cycles) were most sensitive.
  • Total organic carbon and pH offered limited predictive power for Ag+ effects, highlighting complex soil Ag+ interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Silver toxicity in soil is highly dependent on soil characteristics and the specific microbial function assessed.
  • Sulfatase activity emerged as a sensitive and potentially independent biomarker for Ag+ toxicity assessment.
  • Identifying representative microbial parameters is key for effective environmental risk assessment of silver contamination.