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DNA Replication02:40

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Visualization of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Individual Cells by EdU Signal Amplification
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Mitochondrial DNA replication: clinical syndromes.

Mohammed Almannai1, Ayman W El-Hattab2, Fernando Scaglia3,4,5

  • 1Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.

Essays in Biochemistry
|June 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance requires nuclear gene-encoded proteins for replication. Defects in these nuclear genes cause mtDNA depletion or deletions, leading to severe genetic disorders.

Keywords:
DNA replication and recombinationmitochondriamitochondrial dysfunctionmtDNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mitochondria possess their own DNA (mtDNA) but rely on nuclear genes for most mitochondrial proteins.
  • mtDNA replication, transcription, and repair are complex processes involving numerous nuclear-encoded enzymes.
  • Mitochondrial maintenance is crucial for cellular function and overall health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the dual genome control of mitochondria.
  • To explain the molecular mechanisms underlying mtDNA maintenance.
  • To underscore the significance of nuclear genes in mtDNA replication and integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance.
  • Analysis of genetic defects affecting mtDNA replication machinery.
  • Correlation of molecular defects with clinical manifestations.

Main Results:

  • mtDNA replication is a continuous process dependent on the mtDNA replisome and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs).
  • Nuclear gene defects disrupt mtDNA replication, leading to mtDNA depletion or deletions.
  • These defects result in a spectrum of disorders with variable clinical severity.

Conclusions:

  • Disruptions in nuclear-encoded proteins essential for mtDNA replication cause significant genetic disorders.
  • mtDNA maintenance defects underscore the critical interplay between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
  • Understanding these pathways is vital for diagnosing and potentially treating mitochondrial diseases.