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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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Biomarkers for primary biliary cholangitis: current perspectives.

Elias Kouroumalis1, Demetrius Samonakis2, Argyro Voumvouraki3

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital and Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Hepatic Medicine : Evidence and Research
|June 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) diagnosis can be improved with noninvasive biomarkers. This review covers serum markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response in PBC patients.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Cholestatic Liver Disease

Background:

  • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, progressive cholestatic liver disease affecting intrahepatic bile ducts.
  • Increasingly, asymptomatic PBC cases are diagnosed, highlighting the need for noninvasive diagnostic tools.
  • Liver biopsy, while critical, presents feasibility and practicality challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review serum biomarkers for diagnosing PBC.
  • To evaluate markers for assessing fibrosis extent and disease prognosis.
  • To explore biomarkers for predicting treatment response in PBC.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on PBC biomarkers.
  • Evaluation of traditional biochemical and immunological markers.
  • Assessment of emerging biomarkers including microRNAs, proteomics, and metabolomics.

Main Results:

  • Various serum biomarkers show potential for PBC diagnosis and severity assessment.
  • Noninvasive markers are being developed to potentially replace liver biopsy.
  • Emerging techniques like proteomics and metabolomics offer promising avenues for biomarker discovery.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive serum biomarkers are crucial for the diagnosis and management of PBC.
  • Further research into novel biomarkers like microRNAs, proteomics, and metabolomics is warranted.
  • These biomarkers may improve prognostication and guide treatment strategies for PBC.