Lung cancer, elderly and immune checkpoint inhibitors

Lung cancer is predominantly a disease of the elderly with about 50% of diagnoses in patients aged ≥70 years and about 14% in those older than 80. Medical and physiological characteristics of elderly cancer patients make the choice of their better treatment more challenging. Furthermore, aging is accompanied by the so called "immunosenescence" phenomenon, the age-related decline in the immune system that is one of the potential reasons of increase of the incidence and prevalence of most cancers. There is a growing interest in understanding of immunosenescence and how it may correlate with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in elderly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The survival benefit achieved by immunotherapy in all histologies and therapy line settings, added to its manageable toxicity profile, has dramatically changed the scenario of advanced NSCLC treatment. At subgroup analyses of randomized clinical trials, elderly NSCLC population seems to benefit from anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1)/anti-programmed death ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) agents' treatment. These efficacy data were also confirmed by studies in real-life setting. The key-points of aging and immunosenescence are described, focusing on the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in elderly NSCLC population.