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Related Concept Videos

Escape Velocity01:26

Escape Velocity

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The escape velocity of an object is defined as the minimum initial velocity that it requires to escape the surface of another object to which it is gravitationally bound and never to return. For example, what would be the minimum velocity at which a satellite should be launched from the Earth's surface such that it just escapes the Earth's gravitational field?
To calculate the escape velocity, it is assumed that no energy is lost to any frictional forces. In practice, a satellite...
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To escape the Earth's gravity, an object near the top of the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 km must travel away from Earth at 11.1 km/s. This speed is called the escape velocity. The temperature at which gas molecules attain the rms speed, which is equal to the escape velocity, can be estimated by using the equation for the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to its...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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Muscles of the Abdomen

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays
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Nab Escaping AAV Mutants Isolated from Mouse Muscles.

Zheng Chai1, R Jude Samulski1,2, Chengwen Li1,3

  • 1Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Bio-Protocol
|June 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Neutralizing antibodies hinder adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy. Researchers developed novel Nab-escaped AAV capsids that evade these antibodies, showing high muscle transduction efficacy in mice.

Keywords:
AAVChimeric capsidMouse muscleNab-escaping AAV

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Area of Science:

  • Gene Therapy
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) pose a significant challenge to adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector gene therapy.
  • Nabs can inhibit AAV transduction, limiting therapeutic efficacy in patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate novel Nab-escaped AAV chimeric capsids.
  • To develop AAV variants that evade pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in patients.
  • To establish a protocol for selecting and characterizing these Nab-evading AAV mutants.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of a shuffled AAV library mixed with patient serum in mice.
  • Selection of AAV chimeric capsid mutants that escaped Nab neutralization.
  • Isolation and characterization of Nab-escaping AAV mutants in mouse muscle tissue.

Main Results:

  • Successful isolation of several novel Nab-escaped AAV chimeric capsids.
  • Demonstrated enhanced Nab evasion from patient serum by these AAV mutants.
  • Confirmed high muscle transduction efficacy of the developed AAV chimeric capsid mutants.

Conclusions:

  • Novel Nab-escaped AAV chimeric capsids can be selected using patient serum and AAV libraries.
  • These engineered AAV capsids show potential for overcoming Nab-mediated inhibition in gene therapy.
  • The described protocol facilitates the isolation and characterization of AAV mutants with improved immune evasion properties.