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Related Concept Videos

Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels
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Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels

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Calcium channel gating.

S Hering1, E-M Zangerl-Plessl2, S Beyl2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. steffen.hering@univie.ac.at.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|June 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) open via S4 segment movement, with specific charges crucial for gating and stabilization. This study reveals key molecular events in CaV channel opening and closing.

Keywords:
Calcium channelGatingMolecular modelingVoltage sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cellular Physiology

Background:

  • Voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) regulate essential cellular functions through precise gating mechanisms.
  • Channel gating involves the movement of voltage-sensing domains (S4 segments) and pore gate dynamics (S6 gates).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of S4 segment charges in the gating, opening, and inactivation of CaV1.2 channels.
  • To provide a novel interpretation of voltage sensor function in CaV channel gating.

Main Methods:

  • Neutralization of S4 charges.
  • Voltage clamp fluorometry.
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of mammalian calcium channels.
  • Biophysical and pharmacological studies.
  • Mathematical simulations.

Main Results:

  • CaV1.2 pore opening is triggered by the "gate releasing" movement of all four S4 segments.
  • Activation of the IS4 and IIIS4 segments is rate-limiting for channel opening.
  • Segment IS4 is critical for channel inactivation.
  • A single charged residue in S4 segments is sufficient for gating, but the complete set is needed for open-state stabilization.

Conclusions:

  • Voltage sensors play a dynamic role in initiating channel opening and facilitating inactivation.
  • Multiple methodologies provide a comprehensive understanding of CaV channel gating mechanisms.
  • The study offers a refined model for CaV channel gating based on voltage sensor function.