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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
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Electrode Modification and Optimization in Air-Cathode Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells.

Yanhua Wang1,2, Jiayan Wu3, Shengke Yang4

  • 1School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China. yhwang930@foxmail.com.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|June 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Modified microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with graphene and polyaniline electrodes significantly boost electricity generation. These enhanced MFCs also effectively degrade oxytetracycline in wastewater, offering a novel treatment approach.

Keywords:
catalystelectrode optimizationmodified electrodeoxytetracyclinesingle-chamber microbial fuel cells

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) face challenges with low power output and high operational costs.
  • Developing cost-effective electrode modifications is crucial for improving MFC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the electricity generation performance of single-chamber air-cathode MFCs.
  • To evaluate the impact of graphene and polyaniline electrode modification on MFC efficiency.
  • To assess the feasibility of using modified MFCs for oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation in wastewater.

Main Methods:

  • Carbon cloth electrodes were modified using impregnation with graphene (G/CC) and polyaniline-graphene (PANI-G/CC).
  • Sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS) was used as a cathode catalyst.
  • MFCs were constructed with modified electrodes and tested for electricity generation and OTC degradation at various concentrations.

Main Results:

  • The Co-PANI-G/CC cathode exhibited superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction.
  • The MFC with the Co-PANI-G/CC cathode achieved a maximum power density of 32.2 mW/m², a 6.1-fold increase over the unmodified cathode.
  • Over 90% OTC degradation was achieved within 5 days for concentrations below 50 mg/L.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene and polyaniline modification significantly improves MFC electricity generation.
  • Single-chamber MFCs with modified electrodes offer a viable method for treating OTC-contaminated wastewater while generating electricity.
  • This study presents a simple and effective strategy for MFC cathode enhancement.