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Related Concept Videos

Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Kinetic Energy00:23

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Kinetic energy is the ability of an object in motion to do work or enact change. It can take on many forms. For instance, water flowing down a waterfall has kinetic energy. In biological systems, particles of light travel and are absorbed by plants to create chemical energy. Animals consume the chemical energy and give off molecules that carry their scent through the air. They also generate kinetic energy when they run away from predators. Entire systems also possess kinetic energy, like the...
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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe
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Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe

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Net-zero emissions energy systems.

Steven J Davis1,2, Nathan S Lewis3, Matthew Shaner4

  • 1Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. sjdavis@uci.edu nslewis@caltech.edu kcaldeira@carnegiescience.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Decarbonizing essential services like transport and manufacturing is urgent. Existing technologies can eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but require cost reductions and integrated energy systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Energy Systems Analysis
  • Industrial Ecology
  • Climate Change Mitigation

Background:

  • Certain energy services and industrial processes, including long-distance freight, air travel, reliable electricity, and steel/cement production, are challenging to decarbonize.
  • Growing demand for these services, coupled with long technology development timelines and existing infrastructure, necessitates urgent climate action.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the barriers and opportunities in decarbonizing difficult-to-abate sectors.
  • To identify potential technological solutions and research and development priorities for these sectors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing and emerging technologies for emissions reduction.
  • Assessment of economic and operational factors influencing technology adoption.
  • Review of research and innovation needs.

Main Results:

  • A variety of existing technologies can meet future demands without net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
  • Successful decarbonization hinges on cost reductions through research and innovation.
  • Coordinated deployment and integration across energy industries are crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors is achievable with current technologies.
  • Significant advancements in cost-efficiency and operational integration are required.
  • Strategic research, development, and cross-sector collaboration are essential for climate goals.