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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

$Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules$

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules

Published on: March 15, 2021

Heterogeneous to homogeneous melting transition visualized with ultrafast electron diffraction.

M Z Mo¹, Z Chen², R K Li²

¹SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. mmo09@slac.stanford.edu glenzer@slac.stanford.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 30, 2018

Summary

Ultrafast laser melting of gold shows two distinct pathways: slow heterogeneous melting and rapid homogeneous melting. This reveals critical insights into the dynamics of matter under extreme conditions.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Ultrafast laser excitation drives matter into nonequilibrium states.
Understanding solid-liquid phase transitions under extreme conditions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To visualize and understand the atomic-scale dynamics of ultrafast gold melting.
To differentiate between heterogeneous and homogeneous melting regimes.

Main Methods:

Utilized mega-electron volt energy electron diffraction.
Analyzed gold samples subjected to ultrafast laser excitation.

Main Results:

Observed heterogeneous melting (100–1000 ps) at lower energy densities.
Observed catastrophic homogeneous melting (10–20 ps) at higher energy densities.
Provided evidence for solid-liquid coexistence and determined ion/electron temperatures, revealing superheating.

Conclusions:

Constrained the electron-ion coupling rate and determined the Debye temperature.
Demonstrated melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds.
Established a framework for understanding nonequilibrium phase transitions in metals.