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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children

Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children

Published on: September 11, 2018

Multiple-metal exposure, diet, and oxidative stress in Uruguayan school children.

Katarzyna Kordas¹, Aditi Roy², Marie Vahter³

¹Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Environmental Research

|June 30, 2018

Summary

Even low-level arsenic (As) exposure in children is linked to DNA damage, specifically increased 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) levels. This study highlights the impact of environmental toxic metals on children's oxidative stress markers.

Keywords:

Arsenic Child Metals Oxidative stress

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Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Toxicology
Biochemistry

Background:

Oxidative stress (OS) is a known consequence of toxic metal exposure.
The impact of low-level metal exposure on OS in children remains unclear.
Urinary arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are potential biomarkers of exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between urinary As, Cd, and Pb concentrations and OS markers in children.
To assess urinary F₂-8α isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) as OS indicators.
To explore potential modification of these associations by dietary factors.

Main Methods:

Cross-sectional study of 143 children aged 6-8 years in Montevideo.
Measurement of urinary As, Cd, Pb using ICP-MS and HPLC.
Quantification of urinary OS markers (8-isoprostane, 8-OHdG) via ELISA.
Analysis using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression models.
Dietary intake assessed through 24-h recalls.

Main Results:

Median urinary As, Cd, and Pb levels were generally low.
Positive association found between log2-transformed urinary As concentrations and 8-OHdG levels.
A mixture index, primarily driven by As, was associated with higher 8-OHdG.
Little evidence of dietary antioxidant modification was observed.

Conclusions:

Low-level arsenic exposure in children is associated with significant oxidative DNA damage (increased 8-OHdG).
Urinary As is a key contributor to OS in this population.
Findings underscore the importance of monitoring and mitigating low-level metal exposures in children's health.