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    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optics
    • Plasma Physics

    Background:

    • Intense laser pulse propagation in plasma is complex.
    • Self-focusing is a known phenomenon, limited by the critical power threshold (Pcr).
    • Ionization in gases alters refractive index, affecting pulse dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate spatiotemporal localization of intense laser pulses in gas-filled capillaries.
    • To explore the role of plasma defocusing and ionization-induced refraction.
    • To determine if localization can occur below the self-focusing threshold (Pcr).

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulations of pulse propagation.
    • Experimental validation using intense ultraviolet pulses in capillaries.
    • Analysis of ionization dynamics and mode excitation.

    Main Results:

    • Observed spatiotemporal localization due to strong plasma defocusing.
    • Demonstrated that localization can occur below or above Pcr.
    • Higher-order modes excited by ionization interfere constructively, causing intensity resurgence.
    • Confinement is more effective for shorter wavelengths and smaller capillary diameters.

    Conclusions:

    • Ionization-induced refraction provides a mechanism for spatiotemporal confinement.
    • This phenomenon can occur without relying on self-focusing, below Pcr.
    • Offers a novel method for controlling intense laser pulses in plasma environments.