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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

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In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
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Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String01:04

Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String

1.1K
In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or the mass per unit length. This is simply called the linear density. If the string's linear density is constant along the string, then the linear density is simply the total mass divided by the total length.
The string's wave speed can be regulated by varying the linear density. Tension is the other property that determines the speed of...
1.1K
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

1.3K
Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
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Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents
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Solvent Effects on Tuning Pore Structures in Polyimide Aerogels.

Nicholas Teo1, Sadhan C Jana1

  • 1Department of Polymer Engineering , The University of Akron , 250 South Forge Street , Akron , Ohio 44325-0301 , United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|June 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Solvent choice and surfactant concentration significantly impact polyimide aerogel pore structure and mechanical properties. Longer gel times lead to coarser pores and reduced compressive modulus in these advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polyimide aerogels are advanced porous materials with tunable properties.
  • Solvent systems and processing parameters critically influence aerogel microstructure.
  • Understanding these relationships is key to designing aerogels for specific applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different solvents and a block copolymer surfactant on polyimide aerogel synthesis.
  • To analyze the effects on pore structure, bulk density, and mechanical properties.
  • To correlate gelation kinetics with the final aerogel characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Sol-gel synthesis of cross-linked polyimide gel networks using dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethylacetamide.
  • Supercritical drying to produce polyimide aerogels.
  • Characterization of bulk density, pore size distribution, and compressive modulus.

Main Results:

  • Gelation time is highly sensitive to the solvent system's electron acceptance ability and surfactant concentration.
  • Extended gelation times result in coarsened polyimide strands and a transition from mesoporous to macroporous structures.
  • A reduction in compressive modulus correlates with the shift towards macroporous structures.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent properties and surfactant concentration are critical control parameters for polyimide aerogel pore morphology.
  • Gelation kinetics directly influence the final pore size and mechanical integrity of the aerogels.
  • While the surfactant affects gelation and strand morphology, its impact on compressive modulus is minimal.