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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
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Noncanonical Translation Initiation in Eukaryotes.

Thaddaeus Kwan1, Sunnie R Thompson1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|July 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic translation typically starts with cap-dependent initiation. However, under stress, cells and viruses use diverse alternative, noncanonical initiation mechanisms to produce essential proteins.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Most eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) use cap-dependent translation initiation.
  • This canonical process requires a free 5' end, a 5' cap, and initiation factors.
  • Stress conditions often down-regulate cap-dependent translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of noncanonical translation initiation mechanisms.
  • To offer mechanistic insights into these alternative pathways.
  • To highlight the diversity of strategies used by cells and viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of diverse noncanonical initiation strategies.
  • Exploration of cellular cofactors involved.

Main Results:

  • Alternative translation initiation mechanisms are prevalent under stress.
  • These mechanisms include a broad range of strategies and cellular cofactors.
  • Recent advances have significantly improved understanding of these processes.

Conclusions:

  • Noncanonical translation initiation is crucial for cellular and viral survival under stress.
  • The scope and diversity of these mechanisms are extensive.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate all aspects of alternative initiation.