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Evolution without standing genetic variation: change in transgenerational plastic response under persistent predation

Arnaud Sentis1,2, Raphaël Bertram3, Nathalie Dardenne3

  • 1Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France. Arnaud.sentis@sete.cnrs.fr.

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Pea aphids evolved reduced transgenerational phenotypic plasticity in response to predators over 27 generations. This experimental evolution highlights how non-genetic inheritance shapes adaptive responses without genetic variation.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transgenerational phenotypic plasticity is a rapid, non-genetic response to environmental changes.
  • Understanding the evolution of plasticity without genetic variation is crucial, especially with identified non-genetic inheritance mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the experimental evolution of transgenerational phenotypic plasticity in pea aphids over 27 generations.
  • To examine the pea aphid response to predator presence and absence in the absence of initial genetic variation.

Main Methods:

  • Clonal multiplication of a single pea aphid individual to ensure no initial genetic variation.
  • Experimental evolution for 27 generations under controlled predator (ladybird) exposure.
  • Monitoring the frequency of winged offspring as a key plastic trait.

Main Results:

  • Winged aphid frequency rapidly increased with predator presence and stabilized, indicating consistent phenotypic reconstruction.
  • A one-generation persistence of the winged phenotype was observed after predator removal, followed by a refractory phase.
  • Extended predator exposure decreased plasticity and prolonged the refractory period, while unexposed aphids showed increased fitness with predators.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental evolution can drive changes in plasticity even without standing genetic variation.
  • Non-genetic inheritance plays a significant role in adaptive evolutionary responses to environmental shifts.
  • The study demonstrates the dynamic nature of plasticity and its potential to decrease with prolonged environmental stress.