Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Molecules and Compounds

Molecules and Compounds

Atoms and Molecules

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Classification of Elements and Compounds

Classification of Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

sa-mRNA influenza vaccine raises a higher and more durable immune response than mRNA vaccine in preclinical models.

Vaccine·2025

Same author

Small molecule APOL1 inhibitors as a precision medicine approach for APOL1-mediated kidney disease.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

The Effect of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Hemoglobin A1c Variability and Acute Kidney Injury: A Causal Mediation Analysis.

Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety·2024

Same author

Molecular drivers of resistance to sulbactam-durlobactam in contemporary clinical isolates of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy·2023

Same author

Self-amplifying mRNA seasonal influenza vaccines elicit mouse neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immunity and protect ferrets.

NPJ vaccines·2023

Same author

Improved immunologic responses to heterologous influenza strains in children with low preexisting antibody response vaccinated with MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine.

Vaccine·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Published on: June 19, 2018

Evaluating LC-MS/MS To Measure Accumulation of Compounds within Bacteria.

Ramkumar Iyer¹, Zhengqi Ye¹, Annette Ferrari¹

¹Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02210 , United States.

ACS Infectious Diseases

|July 3, 2018

Summary

A new assay measures compound uptake by bacteria, but found bacterial association doesn't always predict antibacterial drug effectiveness. This suggests compound distribution within bacteria, not just exclusion, impacts drug activity.

Keywords:

Gram-negative antibacterial compound accumulation ligase mass spectrometry

More Related Videos

Spatial Measurements of Perfusion, Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Liposomes Accumulation in Solid Tumors

Spatial Measurements of Perfusion, Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Liposomes Accumulation in Solid Tumors

Published on: August 18, 2016

Rapid Evaluation of Toxicity of Chemical Compounds Using Zebrafish Embryos

Rapid Evaluation of Toxicity of Chemical Compounds Using Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: August 25, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Published on: June 19, 2018

Spatial Measurements of Perfusion, Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Liposomes Accumulation in Solid Tumors

Spatial Measurements of Perfusion, Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Liposomes Accumulation in Solid Tumors

Published on: August 18, 2016

Rapid Evaluation of Toxicity of Chemical Compounds Using Zebrafish Embryos

Rapid Evaluation of Toxicity of Chemical Compounds Using Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: August 25, 2019

Area of Science:

Bacteriology
Pharmacology
Drug Discovery

Background:

Determining bacterial compound uptake independent of antibacterial activity is crucial for drug discovery.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays have been used, but their utility for medicinal chemistry guidance is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate an LC-MS/MS assay for measuring compound association with bacteria.
To assess if LC-MS/MS data can directly inform medicinal chemistry in antibacterial drug development.

Main Methods:

An LC-MS/MS assay was employed to measure compound association with bacteria.
Over one hundred NAD-dependent DNA ligase (LigA) inhibitors were tested against an efflux-deficient Escherichia coli strain ( E. coli ligA251 Δ tolC).
Equipotent compounds were analyzed to determine if LC-MS/MS values predicted antibacterial activity at a single concentration and incubation time.

Main Results:

LC-MS/MS values for equipotent compounds did not consistently predict antibacterial activity.
This suggests that measured bacterial association does not equate to target enzyme exposure.
Bacterial exclusion is a significant factor in poor antibacterial activity, but compound distribution within the bacterial cell may also be problematic.

Conclusions:

The evaluated LC-MS/MS assay, under the tested conditions, is not directly predictive of antibacterial efficacy for medicinal chemistry guidance.
Both bacterial exclusion and intracellular compound distribution are critical factors influencing antibacterial drug activity.
Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay of these factors in different chemical series.