Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Published on: August 11, 2008

Emerging Biocide Resistance among Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: Myth or Reality? A Pilot Study

Priyanka Gupta¹, Mohit Bhatia², Pratima Gupta²

¹Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences

|July 3, 2018

Abstract

Context:

Possible linkage between biocide and antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major area of concern.

Aim:

To evaluate the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to four commonly used biocides.

Settings And Design:

A pilot study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital from April to November 2017.

Materials And Methods:

Fifty-four MDR bacterial isolates, namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, were obtained from various clinical samples of inpatients. These isolates were subjected to tube dilution method for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four commonly used biocides in our hospital, namely 5% w/v povidone iodine, absolute ethanol (99.9%), sodium hypochlorite (4% available chlorine), and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (3.39%). Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these biocides was determined as per standard guidelines. Similar tests were also performed on corresponding American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) bacterial strains.

Statistical Analysis:

The Fisher exact test.

Results:

Twenty-two MDR bacterial isolates had higher MIC values for QACs than their corresponding ATCC strains. Statistically significant difference in proportion of test isolates exhibiting higher MIC values for QACs and absolute ethanol was observed (P-value = 0.02). Twenty-four MDR bacterial isolates exhibited higher MBC values for sodium hypochlorite than their corresponding ATCC strains. The difference in proportion of test isolates exhibiting higher MBC values for sodium hypochlorite and absolute ethanol, respectively, was statistically significant (P-value <0.0001). The difference in proportion of test isolates exhibiting higher MBC values for absolute ethanol versus QACs and povidone iodine, respectively, was statistically significant (P-values = 0.0003 and 0.0076). Statistically significant differences in susceptibility to biocides among test isolates were also observed.

Conclusion:

Emergence of biocide resistance among MDR bacteria poses a serious threat to our efforts in containing outbreaks of nosocomial infections.

Keywords:

Biocides MBC MDR bacteria MIC

More Related Videos

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Published on: March 3, 2023

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Published on: April 28, 2017

Related Concept Videos

Resistivity

Resistivity

When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:

Resistance

Resistance

When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...

Equivalent Resistance

Equivalent Resistance

In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.

Resistance and Conductance

Resistance and Conductance

A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...

Rolling Resistance

Rolling Resistance

When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...

Vascular Resistance

Vascular Resistance

Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) and Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) in Critical Care Units of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Surveillance Study.

Cureus·2026

Diagnostic Challenges in Invasive Saprochaete capitata Infection: A Case Report.

Infectious disorders drug targets·2026

Evaluation of sepsis screening and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of neonatal candidaemia in a Sub-Himalayan tertiary centre in India.

Tropical doctor·2026

Clinical Profile, Comorbidities, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Myroides Species Isolated From Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections at a Tertiary Care Center in India: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Cureus·2026

Molecular Characterization and Antifungal Profiling of Nine Phenotypic Aspergillus nidulans Isolates: A Case Series From North India.

MicrobiologyOpen·2026

Fosfomycin Susceptibility Patterns Among Uropathogens and Clinical Predictors of Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Centre in Northern India.

Cureus·2026

See all related articles