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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

1000
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
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Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer02:57

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

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Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any surface of an appreciable area experiences a large number of collisions in a short time, which can result in high pressure.
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze
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Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses.

Jingqiu Mao1, Annmarie Carlton2, Ronald C Cohen3

  • 1Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
|July 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS) provided crucial data to improve atmospheric models. These models are essential for accurately projecting future air quality and climate impacts from emissions and chemical processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric chemistry and physics
  • Climate modeling
  • Air quality science

Background:

  • Atmospheric trace species concentrations have changed significantly due to pollution controls, energy policies, and global economic development.
  • Accurate atmospheric projections necessitate models that faithfully represent chemical, physical, and biological processes.
  • Understanding emissions and chemical transformations is key to projecting the impacts of future policy, energy, and climate scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate, diagnose, and improve atmospheric models using data from the Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS).
  • To enhance the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of various scales.
  • To guide future modeling efforts by addressing key themes in atmospheric science.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing collocated, speciated measurements of gas and condensed phase chemicals from intensive observation periods.
  • Comparing model simulations with extensive observational data from the Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS).
  • Focusing on model representation of processes controlling ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and other trace species.

Main Results:

  • Progress in evaluating and improving air quality and climate models through comparison with SAS observations.
  • Enhanced understanding of the mechanisms governing ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation.
  • Insights into regional climate-chemistry interactions and the influence of natural and anthropogenic emissions.

Conclusions:

  • The SAS provided an unprecedented opportunity to advance atmospheric modeling capabilities.
  • Improvements in model mechanisms and parameterizations are guided by observational data.
  • This work serves as a foundation for future research on atmospheric processes and their radiative impacts.