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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Update on vaccines for enteric pathogens.

M S Riddle1, W H Chen2, C D Kirkwood3

  • 1F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|July 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute diarrhoeal diseases remain a global health challenge, particularly for children in low- and middle-income countries. This review examines current and emerging enteric vaccines, highlighting challenges in their development and use.

Keywords:
DiarrheaGastroenteritisGlobal healthQualitative reviewVaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Acute diarrhoeal diseases pose significant global health risks, causing mortality and morbidity, especially in children under five in low- and middle-income countries.
  • These infections also affect populations in high-income countries and international travelers.
  • Existing licensed vaccines target rotavirus, cholera, and typhoid, with ongoing development for improved and novel vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of licensed enteric vaccines.
  • To explore emerging vaccines for enteric pathogens.
  • To identify challenges in vaccine development and implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of relevant data.
  • Examination of clinical trials from European and US registries.

Main Results:

  • Discussion of licensed vaccines for rotavirus, cholera, and typhoid.
  • Overview of second- and third-generation vaccines in development pipelines.
  • Description of novel vaccines for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, shigellosis, and norovirus.

Conclusions:

  • Despite public health advancements, enteric infections persist globally.
  • Increased utilization of existing enteric vaccines is crucial.
  • Development of new vaccines, especially for pathogens lacking them, is essential for public health.