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Related Concept Videos

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Population Growth00:57

Population Growth

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Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.
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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
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Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

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[Microbial Population Dynamics During Sludge Granulation in a Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal System].

Jing-Feng Gao1, Shi-Jie Wang1, Xiao-Yan Fan1

  • 1National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.

Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue
|July 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) effectively removes nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic sewage. Bacterial community shifts, particularly the enrichment of *Candidatus competibacter*, drive AGS formation and simultaneous nutrient removal.

Keywords:
aerobic granular sludgehigh-throughput sequencingmicrobial community compositionsimultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal

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Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge
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Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
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Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Wastewater treatment engineering
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems offer efficient simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal (SNPR).
  • Understanding bacterial population dynamics is crucial for optimizing AGS formation and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bacterial community dynamics during AGS formation in a domestic sewage SNPR system.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving aerobic sludge granulation and nutrient removal.

Main Methods:

  • Cultivation of AGS using domestic sewage in an SNPR system.
  • Illumina MiSeq PE300 high-throughput sequencing for bacterial population analysis.
  • Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to track specific microbial groups (AOB, AOA, NOB, PAOs).

Main Results:

  • Compact AGS with good SNPR performance was achieved after 100 days.
  • Extracellular polysaccharides increased, while proteins remained stable during granulation.
  • Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) decreased, while polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) increased.
  • *Candidatus competibacter* significantly enriched, suggesting a key role in AGS formation.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial community structure dramatically changed during AGS formation.
  • The enrichment of specific bacteria, like *Candidatus competibacter*, is vital for AGS development and SNPR.
  • AGS technology shows promise for effective domestic wastewater treatment.