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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Overview01:19

Mass Spectrometry: Overview

9.0K
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
9.0K
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2.5K
Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
2.5K
Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

4.3K
Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

5.4K
In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic...
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

1.6K
The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
1.6K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation00:59

Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation

3.7K
Alkenes lose one electron from the unsaturated π bond upon ionization and form stable molecular ions. Further fragmentation of alkenes occurs through three different reaction pathways. The most prominent fragmentation is the cleavage at the allylic position. The resultant allylic carbocation is resonance stabilized. In the mass spectra of terminal alkenes, this fragment appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 41. In the internal alkenes, where there are two choices of allylic cleavage, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
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Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

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Fluorinated Gold Nanoparticles for Nanostructure Imaging Mass Spectrometry.

Amelia Palermo1, Erica M Forsberg2, Benedikt Warth3

  • 1Scripps Center for Metabolomics , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.

ACS Nano
|July 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Fluorinated gold nanoparticles (f-AuNPs) enable sensitive, low-energy Nanostructure Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NIMS) for comprehensive tissue metabolomics. This gentle method preserves metabolites, revealing diverse molecular coverage for a broad metabolic picture.

Keywords:
fiber free dietgut microbiomemass spectrometry imagingmetabolomicsmicenanostructure imaging mass spectrometryperfluorinated gold nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization (NALDI) techniques are crucial for sensitive molecular analysis.
  • Existing methods can suffer from high laser energy requirements, leading to analyte fragmentation and limited metabolome coverage.
  • Developing gentle, high-sensitivity methods for comprehensive tissue metabolomics is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate Nanostructure Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NIMS) utilizing fluorinated gold nanoparticles (f-AuNPs) for comprehensive metabolite analysis in biological tissues.
  • To demonstrate the low laser energy requirements and high sensitivity of the f-AuNP NIMS approach.
  • To showcase the ability of f-AuNP NIMS to provide broad metabolome coverage and preserve molecular integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fluorinated gold nanoparticles (f-AuNPs) for nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
  • Employed low laser energy (μJ/pulse range) to minimize in-source metabolite fragmentation.
  • Applied perfluorohexane for f-AuNP distribution, creating a hydrophobic environment to prevent metabolite solubilization and dislocation.
  • Analyzed mouse colon tissue samples from different dietary groups.

Main Results:

  • f-AuNP NIMS demonstrated high sensitivity and required low laser energy, minimizing background noise.
  • Electron microscopy confirmed a gentle desorption mechanism with minimal tissue surface alteration compared to traditional MALDI.
  • The method enabled direct detection of a wide range of metabolites including carbohydrates, lipids, bile acids, amino acids, and nucleotide precursors.
  • Heterogeneous metabolome coverage was achieved, providing a broad picture of tissue metabolic organization.

Conclusions:

  • NIMS with f-AuNPs is a powerful, sensitive, and gentle technique for comprehensive tissue metabolomics.
  • The f-AuNP NIMS approach overcomes limitations of high laser energy and analyte fragmentation, enabling broader metabolite detection.
  • This method provides valuable insights into tissue metabolic organization and responses to dietary changes.